INFECTIOUS DISEASES: TYPHOID FEVER
Posted by admin in Anti-Infectives
INFECTIOUS DISEASES: TYPHOID FEVERAn acute infectious disease caused by a germ. The germ can be found in the blood of a person sick with the disease. It can be passed from the bowels and contaminate the hands or food of other persons, and thus infect them. It can be spread by contaminated food and clothing, by water and milk which contain germs. The doctor who examines the patient with typhoid fever makes his diagnosis from the history of the case, the nature of the symptoms, and by careful studies of the blood using a test called the Widal test. People with typhoid fever are treated as those with other infectious diseases, but particular care is given to disinfecting their excretions.Typhoid is prevented by the use of a vaccine against typhoid, by making sure that food is not contaminated and by detecting and isolating people who carry the germs of typhoid and excrete them. Persistent attention to water supply, to disposal of sewage, pasteurization of milk, education of the public in hygiene, and control of typhoid carriers have practically eliminated this disease. Many medical students never get to see a case.Antibiotic drugs, particularly chloramphenicol or chloromycetin, have been found effective against typhoid. The disease is no longer the menace that it once was.*37/318/5*
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ALCOHOL PROBLEMS AND PSYCHIATRIC ILLNESS: ATTENTION DEFICIT DISORDERSIt has been recognized that some children are unable to remain attentive in situations where it is socially necessary to do so. This is often most apparent in school, but also in the home. In the past these conditions were termed hyperactivity or minimal brain dysfunction; they are now known as attention deficit disorders (ADD). Follow-up studies of children with ADD have noted a tendency for the development of alcoholism in adulthood. The examination of alcoholics’ childhoods also shows a higher incidence of ADD. A hypothesis exists that a subgroup of alcohol abusers began to drink in order to stabilize areas of the brain that are “irritable” due to damage earlier in life. For them alcohol can be considered a self-medication. Alcohol may improve performance on cognitive tasks, allow better concentration, and offer a subjective sense of stability. Such a response to alcohol would be highly reinforcing and thereby increase the risk of addiction. With adults, it is very difficult to sort out the cognitive impairment caused by alcohol from a preexisting, underlying deficit. Prolonged abstinence is once more desirable. On the other hand, these clients may be unable to achieve and maintain sobriety.When confronted with an individual who has been through treatment several times and never been able to establish sobriety, take a careful childhood history. If there is evidence of difficulties in school, or other problems suggesting ADD, further evaluation and treatment with medication may be warranted. The medication prescribed in such cases belongs to the stimulant class; however, for such clients it has a paradoxical “calming” effect. In addition, the above data suggest it would be useful to discuss, with parents of children currently diagnosed as having ADD, steps that might be taken to reduce future risk of alcohol problems.*171\331\2*
ASTHMA AND PESTICIDES: PESTICIDE LABELLING
Posted by admin in Asthma
ASTHMA AND PESTICIDES: PESTICIDE LABELLINGSo, you throw away all the chemicals and stock up on vinegar and pyrethrum-based insect sprays, natural garlic concoctions and various eucalyptus brews. You check all the possible alternatives, become environmentally aware and read all the labels so that you and your family are protected. But caution — this requires careful reading of all labels and an understanding of what is written on them and what it means.First, ingredients called ‘inert’ are sometimes included in commercial pesticides and their effects can be worse than those of the active ingredients. Two such ingredients, carbon tetrachloride and chloroform, are powerful liver and central nervous system toxins. In addition, exposure to inert ingredients may facilitate the absorption, and therefore the potential toxicity, of an active ingredient. Even when the active ingredient is present in a ‘safe’ amount, the co-existence of an inert ingredient may cause poisoning by the safe quantity of the active ingredient. Confusing? You bet! Also, because they are used as ‘inert’ ingredients, no warning on the label is required.It is important, too, to remember that authorities are reluctant to issue warnings because the exact mechanism of human toxicity is known for only a few pesticides. Low-level but chronic exposure to several toxic compounds in commercially grown foods and cleaning agents is common. So is the leakage of such toxins into the water supplies. There are drinking water standards for only a handful of pesticides and chemicals. The ‘safe’ levels for pesticides on foods are based on arbitrary statistical factors which do not take into account individual susceptibilities and, what is even worse, the potential synergistic effect of the combination of more than one chemical. Always remember that when you read an official proclamation on the ‘safe’ amount of a given substance, that figure is given for that one ingredient alone. No allowance whatsoever is made for any possible combined effect.Even if you attempt to avoid all chemicals, you may still be exposed to some residues in the water you drink, the food you eat and, in some cases, the air you breathe.*32\145\2*
URETHRITIS AND CERVICITIS – MANAGEMENT
Posted by admin in Men's Health-Erectile Dysfunction
Whether patients are treated for one or other of these infections or for both will depend on an assessment of the clinical features, laboratory investigations and local disease patterns. Many venereologists recommend that patients with gonorrhoea also be treated for chlamydia.
Sexual partners of patients with gonorrhoea or NGU or NGC should be investigated and treated on epidemiological grounds. Women with silent infection may develop pelvic inflammatory disease. Asymptomatic male partners may develop prostatitis or epididymitis. Failed treatment or recurrence may be due to reinfection by an infected partner.
*31/56/1*
Discount medications online
The diagnosis of genital infection is based on the history and an assessment of clinical findings and laboratory investigations. Laboratory investigations are directed at:
the confirmation of the existence of urethritis or cervicitis; and
the identification of the causative organism or organisms.
The criteria for the diagnosis of urethritis and cervicitis are provided on p.8. Semen and other normal secretions may be mistaken for pathological discharge if microscopy is not performed.
*30/56/1*
Dvpharm.com – Online Pharmacy information
DENTAL HEALTH: DENTISTRY
Posted by admin in General health
DISEASES OF THE KIDNEY: NEPHRITIS
Posted by admin in General health
Television has lots of potentially very positive features for children. It can be a valuable teaching aid, a source of stimulation and entertainment, and can promote the child’s curiosity in the world around him. Parents can do much to ensure that the effects of television are positive and not negative.
1. Limit television viewing to 1-2 hours a day. Encourage other activities such as reading, sport, instructive hobbies.
2. Never have the television on continually in the background. Try to avoid the habit of automatically turning on the television in the morning or in the evening, or when the children are at home.
4. Select the programs that the children will watch — of course let them be involved in choosing — but avoid endless hours of one program following on from the other. Once a program is selected, get your children to agree to turn off the set themselves when the program is finished.
5. Watch television with the children and help them interpret what they see. Do ‘reality testing’ for them, expressing distaste for the violence, discussing other ways of handling disagreement and conflict, questioning stereotypes.
6. Use the VCR more. There are many videotapes that are specially made for children, and literally thousands of programs and movies that are entertaining, educational and appropriate for children.
*122\90\8*
I don’t think he will ever want to touch me again. I feel like ruined property, damaged merchandise. I don’t think I would want to touch me, to touch that thick, ugly scar where my soft breast used to be.
WIFE BEFORE COUNSELING
I love her. In some ways, I love her more now than ever. But I just can’t bring myself to look at that part where her breast was.
HUSBAND BEFORE COUNSELING
It has come to be a symbol of sorts, I guess. He kisses me there and touches me there. It just doesn’t seem as much a thing as it would seem. In fact, it means something special. We hate it in some ways, but it symbolizes us and our survival. It stands for our victory.
WIFE AFTER COUNSELING
When we make love, I don’t try not to look at it or touch it and I don’t try to touch it or look at. I don’t try anything about it. But it’s not hers, it’s not like an “it,” really, but the whole thing is us, a part of us. That was the biggest change, I think, when I stopped trying to adjust to “it” and she stopped waiting for me to or help me to adjust. It’s that “holistic” thing, I guess.
HUSBAND AFTER COUNSELING
If we can have lung disease, heart disease, and other organ diseases, then we should refer to “cell” disease instead of the general and frightening term “cancer.” I have never heard anyone refer to the “heart disease of crime,” yet one recent commentator reported that “crime is the cancer of our country.” Cells overgrow every day. They overgrow because so many cells multiply and divide in our body that some are bound to “go bad.” They overgrow because of the toxicity of our world, our food, our style of living. Since cells are the building blocks of our body, cell disease can occur anywhere, and therefore there are many “types” of cell disease (actually locations). I discuss here some of the problems that came up in the couples group.
*273\97\8*
The Kinsey’s sexual-response model was based on three phases: buildup, orgasm, and aftereffects of orgasm. Rhythmic muscular contractions accompanied orgasms in the Kinsey view, and this was the same for both sexes. Kinsey focused less on the male penis than did Ellis, describing more general stimulation to both the male and female as characteristic of human sexual interaction.
The female was described as less sexually responsive than the male, but by this Kinsey meant that her frequency of orgasms was less. Men reported more than 1,500 orgasms before marriage, women reported approximately 250. There was no category for “almosts” and “super.” Kinsey described the female as more physically responsive, requiring touch and direct contact for arousal and orgasm. Males were more psychologically responsive, reacting to images, pictures, and objects.
It was implied that marriage was a “convenient state,” providing a ready opportunity for sexual outlet. The more than 11,200 two-hour interviews yielded statistics that came to be prescriptive. Ninety-five percent of men had some sexual experience before age fifteen; men reported having 4 orgasms per week; 70 percent of men reported contact with a prostitute; 50 percent of men reported having sex outside their marriage before age forty; 30 percent of unmarried women reported not being virgins at age twenty-three; women reported 233 orgasms before marriage, with a significant decline in orgasmic frequency after marriage; 25 percent of girls reported having some sexual experience before age twelve, and 52 percent of these experiences were with a stranger. A lot of people were doing a lot of things sexually, and an unintended invitation to join a category was issued.
If Ellis focused on what was “normal,” Kinsey examined what he considered “natural.” If mammals could to it, it was natural, and Kinsey attempted to avoid the confrontation of what was right or wrong in favor of describing what “was.” The only unnatural sex act was one that could not be done. Several response came from the individual, not from within a relationship.
Kinsey saw nothing particularly special about our humanness. He wrote, “The elements that are involved in sexual contacts between the human and animals of other species are at no point basically different from those that are involved in erotic responses to human situations.” In fact, Kinsey felt that it was our arrogance about being human, our attempt to distance ourselves from our mammalian ancestors, that caused us to take sex out if its’ ‘natural” context.
The Kinsey perspective, then, saw orgasm as essentially pelvic muscle contraction in both genders, but women tended to be less responsive and slower to respond than men. There were several categories of sex from which to choose. Marriage saved time in searching for outlets, but women tended to diminish in sexual responsiveness once married and men tended to seek out variety, were by nature sexually promiscuous. Love was not a category or a factor, it was not something that could, even should, be studied if it existed at all. “Tell me what you did, not how you felt” was the second-perspective question.
The emphasis on energy buildup and discharge, on doing it instead of experiencing it, and an implied drive for variety of the first two perspectives interfere with the super marital sex mat stresses flow instead of discharge, an intimate comfort, not variety.
*99\97\8*